Natural processes, such as stellar explosions or gravitational slingshot near black hole pairs, could launch objects to similar speeds. In principle, the fastest gadgets could be launched by lightsails, pushed by powerful light beams up to the speed of light. Physical artifacts might also carry messages, as envisioned by Ronald Bracewell in 1960. The reported speeds and sizes of the "phantom" objects would have generated fireballs of detectable optical luminosity at their suggested distances, and so these objects could not have appeared dark (as they did).Īs argued by John von Neumann in 1939, the number of such devices could increase exponentially with time if they self-replicate, a quality enabled by 3D printing and AI technologies. With Machine Learning capabilities, they can adapt to new circumstances and pursue the goals of their senders without any need for external guidance. However, technological gadgets with AI can be shielded to withstand the hazards of space, repair themselves mechanically, or even reproduce given the resources of a habitable planet like Earth. Interstellar gas and dust particles deposit a kinetic energy per unit mass that exceeds the output of chemical explosives at the speed of tens of kilometers per second characterizing rockets. It is likely that any functional devices embedded in the Earth's atmosphere are not carrying biological entities because these would not survive the long journey through interstellar space and its harsh conditions, including bombardment by energetic cosmic-rays, X-rays and gamma-rays. The latter would be an ideal choice for crossing the tens of thousands of light years that span the scale of the Milky Way galaxy and could survive even if the senders are not able to communicate. Extraterrestrial equipment could arrive in two forms: space trash, similar to the way our own interstellar probes ( Voyager 1 & 2, Pioneer 10 & 11 and New Horizons) will appear in a billion years, or functional equipment, such as autonomous devices equipped with Artificial Intelligence (AI). The interest in UAPs stems from their potential non-human origin. Why physicist Avi Loeb thinks there's a "serious possibility" that 'Oumuamua was an alien spacecraft I quickly realized that the distance of these dark objects must have been incorrectly overestimated by an order of magnitude, or else their bow shock in the Earth's atmosphere would have generated a bright fireball with an easily detectable optical luminosity. If real, such objects exceed the capabilities of human-made aircrafts or rockets. The dark objects with no visible emission were labeled as "Phantoms." They were characterized by a size of three to 12 meters and speeds up to 15 kilometers per second at a distance of up to 10 to 12 kilometers. The Ukranian paper reports about two types of objects: luminous and dark. And so, this morning I checked the UAP report from Ukraine and wrote a paper about it a few hours later. My response to all of these messages was the same: "I am not sure what to make of the report. Ukraine is in a military conflict with a lot of human-made activity in the sky. This must introduce a lot of noise for any search for objects that are not human-made. In science we aim to maximize the signal-to-noise ratio, and so Ukraine would be the last place on Earth where I would initiate UAP studies."īut last evening I received a special request from a high-level official in the US government to summarize my thoughts on observable signatures of UAP. Over the past two weeks I was bombarded by a dozen requests to read a new report by astronomers on Unidentified Aerial Phenomena (UAP) in Ukraine.
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